{"id":683,"date":"2018-04-09T04:18:00","date_gmt":"2018-04-09T03:18:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/pixy.cz\/pixynergia\/?p=683"},"modified":"2023-12-30T02:46:28","modified_gmt":"2023-12-30T01:46:28","slug":"druhy-vrh-poznamek-k-systemu-vzdelavani","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pixy.cz\/pixynergia\/2018\/04\/09\/druhy-vrh-poznamek-k-systemu-vzdelavani","title":{"rendered":"Druh\u00fd vrh pozn\u00e1mek k syst\u00e9mu vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed souhrn pozn\u00e1mek k\u00a0t\u00e9matu vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00a0n\u011bkolika\ndebat na soci\u00e1ln\u00edch s\u00edt\u00edch v\u00a0posledn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch. Je to v\u00a0podstat\u011b\nnesourod\u00e1 sb\u00edrka m\u00fdch koment\u00e1\u0159\u016f sesb\u00edran\u00fdch v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch diskus\u00edch, jen\njsem se je pokusil trochu zredukovat, spojit a u\u010desat. Voln\u011b navazuje na lo\u0148skou sb\u00edrku\npozn\u00e1mek<\/a> k\u00a0t\u00e9mu\u017e t\u00e9matu.<\/em><\/p>\n\n

Knowledge Doubling Curve (K\u0159ivka zdvojn\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed znalost\u00ed)<\/h3>\n\n

\u0158\u00edk\u00e1 se, \u017ee Sir Francis Bacon v\u00a0roce 1600\u00a0znal v\u0161echno, co se\ntehdej\u0161\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bk mohl nau\u010dit. A\u00a0byl to asi posledn\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bk, kdo n\u011bco\ntakov\u00e9ho mohl dok\u00e1zat. V\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch generac\u00edch u\u017e znalosti lidstva jedin\u00fd\n\u010dlov\u011bk nemohl pobrat. N\u011bkdy do roku 1900\u00a0platilo, \u017ee znalosti lidstva se\nzdvojn\u00e1sobuj\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9 stolet\u00ed. Nezadr\u017eiteln\u00fd r\u016fst, ale po\u0159\u00e1d bylo\nmo\u017en\u00e9 ud\u011blat n\u011bjak\u00fd smyslupln\u00fd univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011br znalost\u00ed, kter\u00e9\naspo\u0148 povrchn\u011b pokr\u00fdvaly v\u0161echny hlavn\u00ed oblasti lidsk\u00e9 existence. Ale ve\n20.\u00a0stolet\u00ed to explodovalo. B\u011bhem jeho prvn\u00ed poloviny se rychlost\nzdvojn\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed objemu v\u011bd\u011bn\u00ed zkr\u00e1tila na 25\u00a0let, do konce stolet\u00ed to\nkleslo na jednotky let. Dnes to je pr\u00fd u\u017e m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e jeden rok a velmi rychle\nse posouv\u00e1me do \u0159\u00e1du dn\u00ed a\u017e\u00a0hodin.<\/p>\n\n

Kdy\u017e n\u00e1\u0161 prad\u011bde\u010dek chodil ve 20.\u00a0letech na re\u00e1lku, u\u010dil se skoro\ntot\u00e9\u017e co na\u0161i rodi\u010de v\u00a060.\u201370. letech. Ale p\u0159ece jen za t\u011bch 50\u00a0let\npokrok let\u011bl kup\u0159edu, znalosti lidstva se rozrostly \u0159ekn\u011bme\np\u011btin\u00e1sobn\u011b\u00a0\u2013 ale sta\u010dilo zredukovat v\u00fduku o\u00a0latinu a \u0159e\u010dtinu a tuhle\nse\u0161krtat objem u\u010diva ve ostatn\u00edch p\u0159edm\u011btech, tady d\u00e1t v\u00edc prostoru pro\nmodern\u00ed poznatky fyziky, chemie a techniky, a po\u0159\u00e1d tam to hlavn\u00ed bylo.\nTranzistory m\u00edsto latiny, kosmonautika m\u00edsto chvostoskok\u016f, ale jinak se\nu\u010dilo vpodstat\u011b tot\u00e9\u017e a vpodstat\u011b stejn\u00fdmi prost\u0159edky.<\/p>\n\n

Jen\u017ee za t\u011bch dal\u0161\u00edch 50\u00a0let do dne\u0161ka se ty v\u011bdomosti lidstva stihly\nzdvojn\u00e1sobit t\u0159eba dvacetkr\u00e1t po sob\u011b, tak\u017ee za tu dobu narostly na\nmilionn\u00e1sobek. Ano, dnes toho jako lidstvo v\u00edme, zn\u00e1me a um\u00edme\n\u0159\u00e1dov\u011b milionkr\u00e1t v\u00edc<\/strong> ne\u017e v\u00a0\u00e9\u0159e hippies. Za posledn\u00ed dek\u00e1du\nse lidsk\u00e9 znalosti rozrostly v\u00edc ne\u017e za cel\u00e9 p\u0159edchoz\u00edch mil\u00e9nium, za\nposledn\u00edch dvacet let se objem v\u011bd\u011bn\u00ed zv\u011bt\u0161il v\u00edc ne\u017e za celou\np\u0159edchoz\u00ed historii lidstva. Rozd\u00edl v\u00a0mno\u017estv\u00ed na\u0161ich znalost\u00ed b\u011bhem\njedin\u00e9 generace je dnes v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e byl rozd\u00edl mezi znalostmi neadrt\u00e1lce a\nAlberta Einsteina.<\/p>\n\n

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K\u00a0\u010demu je maturita?<\/h3>\n\n

Co ale dnes u\u010d\u00edme p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed generaci? Po\u0159\u00e1d stejn\u00e9 v\u011bci jako p\u0159ed\n150\u00a0lety, v\u010detn\u011b povinn\u00e9ho \u010dten\u00ed stejn\u00fdch, u\u017e 150\u00a0let mrtv\u00fdch\nbuditel\u016f. Jak\u00fd to m\u00e1 smysl? Jak\u00fd m\u00e1 smysl sna\u017eit se do sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho\nd\u00edt\u011bte t\u0159in\u00e1ct let v\u00a0kuse cp\u00e1t jednu (ne zrovna nejl\u00e9pe vybranou)\ndesetimiliontinu dostupn\u00fdch znalost\u00ed? Notabene kdy\u017e v\u0161echny ty znalosti jsou\ndostupn\u00e9 na jedno kliknut\u00ed, resp. na jedno vysloven\u00ed \u201eHey Siri\u201c.\nKonkr\u00e9tn\u00ed znalosti a informace ve sv\u00e9m vybran\u00e9m oboru si ka\u017ed\u00fd snadno\nnastuduje ve vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch \u00farovn\u00edch studia pom\u011brn\u011b rychle. Ale u\u00a0z\u00e1kladn\u00edho\na st\u0159edn\u00edho vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed je pot\u0159eba radik\u00e1ln\u00ed a z\u00e1sadn\u00ed zm\u011bna\nk\u00a0osvojen\u00ed si dovednost\u00ed informace hledat, zpracov\u00e1vat a u\u010dit se je u\u010dit\naplikovat. Mus\u00edme d\u011bti nau\u010dit se u\u010dit, soustavn\u011b a pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b. Rychle si\nosvojovat dovednosti. Verifikovat informace, prezentovat my\u0161lenky a\nkomunikovat. To, \u010demu se dnes \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 \u201esoftskills<\/a>\u201c.\nJen\u017ee dne\u0161n\u00ed \u201esoftskills\u201c budou z\u00edtra hlavn\u00ed n\u00e1stroje\nk\u00a0p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

Ten hlavn\u00ed rozd\u00edl mezi dne\u0161kem a 19.\u00a0stolet\u00edm\u00a0\u2014 jeho\u017e modelu\n\u0161kolstv\u00ed i\u00a0v\u00fdb\u011bru \u201eelement\u00e1rn\u00edch znalost\u00ed\u201c se dodne\u0161ka dr\u017e\u00edme\njak hovno ko\u0161ile<\/em>\u00a0\u2014 je p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0tom, \u017ee tehdy byly\nencyklopedick\u00e9 znalosti cenn\u00e1 komodita. U\u010denec byl ten, kdo je m\u011bl ulo\u017een\u00e9\nv\u00a0hlav\u011b; kdo v\u011bd\u011bl v\u00edc, byl cenn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Podstatou vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed pak bylo\nnal\u00edt jich do ka\u017ed\u00e9ho co nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed objem a d\u00e1t n\u011bjak\u00fd spole\u010dn\u00fd\nminimalistick\u00fd z\u00e1klad ze v\u0161ech obor\u016f. Zat\u00edmco dnes jsou samotn\u00e9 informace\nplevel a odpad. Informace se na n\u00e1s val\u00ed nonstop jako povode\u0148 s\u00a0neust\u00e1le\nrostouc\u00ed rychlost\u00ed a objemem. Naprosto cokoli, od n\u00e1soben\u00ed p\u0159es kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9\nznaky p\u00e1meln\u00edku, souhrn jak\u00e9hokoli d\u00edla jak\u00e9hokoli autora po postup\n\u010din\u011bn\u00ed k\u016f\u017ee a v\u00fdrobu tryskov\u00e9ho motoru najde i\u00a0nevzd\u011blan\u00e9 mal\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b\nb\u011bhem sekund. Pasivn\u00ed znalosti a informace u\u017e nejsou\nkomodita<\/strong> a kdo m\u00e1 libovoln\u00fd jejich zlomek ulo\u017een\u00fd v\u00a0hlav\u011b, m\u016f\u017ee\nmo\u017en\u00e1 usp\u011bt v\u00a0n\u011bjak\u00e9 estr\u00e1d\u011b, ale jinak je to \u00fapln\u011b k\u00a0ni\u010demu. Dnes\nse cen\u00ed hlavn\u011b schopnost informace t\u0159\u00eddit, vyhodnocovat a komunikovat nad\nnimi. Vzd\u011blanec nen\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bk, kter\u00fd informace m\u00e1 (ty m\u00e1 dnes ka\u017ed\u00fd), ale\nten, kdo z\u00a0p\u0159edlo\u017een\u00e9 hromady dok\u00e1\u017ee vybrat informace z\u00e1kladn\u00ed,\nrelevantn\u00ed a pravdiv\u00e9, a vhodn\u011b s\u00a0nimi d\u00e1le pracovat, nach\u00e1zet mezi nimi\nvazby a vztahy.<\/p>\n\n

Ba co v\u00edc: ve spoust\u011b obor\u016f naopak za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 b\u00fdt v\u00fdhodou\nschopnost nepamatovat si<\/strong> a c\u00edlen\u011b zapom\u00ednat. P\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed \u00fakolu\num\u011bt rychle naj\u00edt nov\u00e1 data, nov\u00e9 poznatky, nastudovat nov\u00e9 metody a\naplikovat je. A\u00a0obratem je zase zapomenout. Proto\u017ee za t\u00fdden, za m\u011bs\u00edc nebo\nza rok, a\u017e bude pot\u0159eba obdobn\u00fd probl\u00e9m \u0159e\u0161it znovu, bude \u010dasto situace\n\u00fapln\u011b jin\u00e1. B\u00fdv\u00e1 dostupn\u00e1 spousta nov\u00fdch informac\u00ed, nov\u00fdch \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed,\nmetod a n\u00e1stroj\u016f. Co se \u010dlov\u011bk nau\u010dil p\u0159ed sto lety, to v\u011bt\u0161inou platilo\na vysta\u010dilo po cel\u00fd jeho \u017eivot. Dnes p\u0159est\u00e1vaj\u00ed b\u00fdt v\u00a0praxi pou\u017eiteln\u00ed\nodborn\u00edci, co jsou schopni \u0159e\u0161it probl\u00e9m stejn\u011b jako ho vy\u0159e\u0161ili p\u0159ed\np\u011bti\u00a0lety.<\/p>\n\n

P\u0159e\u017eenu to ad absurdum: budu-li m\u00edt na v\u00fdb\u011br typick\u00e9ho maturanta, co\no\u00a0p\u016flnoci ze sebe vysype n\u00e1sobilku, nat\u00fdist\u00fdi\u010del\u00fd a datum bitvy na B\u00edl\u00e9\nho\u0159e, ale na dotaz, jak se intruj\u00ed frel\u00e1ty v\u00a0parafundaci<\/em> \u0159ekne,\n\u017ee to se neu\u010dili\u00a0\u2013 a kdy\u017e budu m\u00edt \u0161ikovn\u00e9ho \u201enevzd\u011blance\u201c, co\nnepozn\u00e1 p\u00e1meln\u00edk od palmy, co \u0159ekne dejte mi hodinku, n\u011bco o\u00a0tom\nzjist\u00edm<\/em>, tak bez v\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed beru toho druh\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n\n

Dnes jsme v\u00a0situaci, kdy maturant po t\u0159in\u00e1cti letech intenzivn\u00edho\nvzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00e1 k\u00a0praktick\u00e9mu u\u017eit\u00ed vlastn\u011b jen znalost \u010dten\u00ed, psan\u00ed\na element\u00e1rn\u00ed matematiky\u00a0\u2014 a v\u0161echno ostatn\u00ed je mu \u00fapln\u011b k\u00a0ni\u010demu.\nAby mohl za\u010d\u00edt cokoli smyslupln\u011b d\u011blat, mus\u00ed se to teprve te\u010f za\u010d\u00edt\nu\u010dit. T\u011bch t\u0159in\u00e1ct let vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 s\u00a0p\u0159ed\u00e1n\u00edm\nmaturitn\u00edho vysv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed s\u00a0klidem zapomenout<\/strong>. A\u00a0za deset dvacet\nlet, a\u017e budou m\u00edt za\u010d\u00edt n\u011bkde pracovat nebo podnikat sou\u010dasn\u00ed prckov\u00e9,\nto bude je\u0161t\u011b mnohem, mnohem tragi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

V\u0161eobecn\u00fd rozhled a z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed: archaismus<\/h3>\n\n

D\u00e1 se tedy ta mno\u017eina \u201ez\u00e1kladn\u00edho vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c tedy ten v\u00fdb\u011br toho\nnejpodstatn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho z\u00a0lidsk\u00e9ho v\u011bd\u011bn\u00ed, co by m\u011bl zn\u00e1t ka\u017ed\u00fd, n\u011bjak\naktualizovat, aby odpov\u00eddala sou\u010dasn\u00e9mu stavu pozn\u00e1n\u00ed a ne stavu\n19.\u00a0stolet\u00ed? Odpov\u011b\u010f byla nazna\u010dena u\u017e v\u00fd\u0161e: bohu\u017eel, ned\u00e1. Smi\u0159me se\ns\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee to u\u017e prost\u011b nen\u00ed\u00a0mo\u017en\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n

Byli jsme zvykl\u00ed z\u00a0hromady v\u011bd\u011bn\u00ed vyb\u00edrat ty nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kameny a\np\u0159ed\u00e1vat si je coby v\u0161eobecn\u00fd z\u00e1klad v\u011bd\u011bn\u00ed. Kdy\u017e se hromada zv\u011bt\u0161ila\ndvakr\u00e1t, nebyl probl\u00e9m trochu upravit postup a po\u0159\u00e1d to \u0161lo. Kdy\u017e se\nzv\u011bt\u0161ila desetkr\u00e1t, u\u017e to docela drhlo\u00a0\u2014 sna\u017eili jsme se, ale \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l\nv\u00edc docela z\u00e1sadn\u00edch balvan\u016f u\u017e jsme jednodu\u0161e nepobrali. Ale\nu\u00a0milionkr\u00e1t v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hromady u\u017e to prost\u011b nefunguje, vybrat \u201eto\nhlavn\u00ed\u201c u\u017e v\u00e1\u017en\u011b nejde. Bu\u010f to bude nepou\u017eiteln\u011b \u0159\u00eddk\u00e9, nebo to\nnikdo neunese. U\u017e n\u011bjakou dobu nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 ud\u011blat ani povrchn\u00ed pr\u016f\u0159ez\nlidsk\u00fdm v\u011bd\u011bn\u00edm, pojem v\u0161eobecn\u00fd rozhled se stal\narchaismem<\/strong>. M\u016f\u017eeme si vybrat mal\u00fd zlomek obor\u016f a z\u00a0nich vyzobat\ntro\u0161i\u010dku nesouvisl\u00fdch a nesourod\u00fdch st\u0159\u00edpk\u016f informac\u00ed. T\u011bmi\ns\u00a0p\u0159ehledem dok\u00e1\u017eeme zahltit lidskou mysl po okraj, ani\u017e by z\u00a0toho\ndok\u00e1zala sestavit aspo\u0148 vzd\u00e1len\u011b souvisl\u00fd obraz. Nem\u016f\u017eeme obs\u00e1hnout\nv\u0161echno\u00a0\u2014 a p\u0159itom selektovat bez \u00fajmy na srozumitelnosti u\u017e se\nd\u00e1l\u00a0ned\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n

Kdy\u017e se st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed koncepce \u0161kolstv\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159ela, v\u011bdomosti \u0161lo\nje\u0161t\u011b rozd\u011blit m\u011bzi n\u011bjak\u00fdch 8\u00a0z\u00e1kladn\u00edch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f. Dnes se soupis\nv\u011bdn\u00edch obor\u016f<\/a> nevejde ani na n\u011bkolik str\u00e1nek a by\u0165 jen z\u00e1kladn\u00ed\norientace v\u00a0t\u011bch nejhlavn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch (jakkoli si je kdo nadefinuje) je mimo\ns\u00edly jak\u00e9hokoli lidsk\u00e9ho jedince. To u\u017e prost\u011b nejde, nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 vybrat\njakoukoli nau\u010ditelnou smysluplnou podmno\u017einu.<\/p>\n\n

Vezm\u011bme si pro p\u0159\u00edklad jen n\u011bkdej\u0161\u00ed obor literatury, kter\u00e1 sv\u00e9ho\n\u010dasu pokr\u00fdvala v\u0161echno verb\u00e1ln\u00ed um\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se dalo zachovat\u00a0\u2014\nbeletrii, poezii, dramatickou tvorbu. Ale u\u017e jenom v\u00a0tom, co tehdej\u0161\u00ed obor\nliteratura<\/em> zahrnuje dneska, je obrovsk\u00fd rozd\u00edl: u\u017e se nesta\u010d\u00ed jen\nhrabat v\u00a0knihovn\u011b. P\u0159ibyl film, televize, zvuk, divadeln\u00ed z\u00e1znamy,\nmultim\u00e9dia, internet\u2026 V\u00a0ka\u017ed\u00e9m z\u00a0t\u011bch m\u00e9di\u00ed vzniklo a st\u00e1le vznik\u00e1\nspousta pozoruhodn\u00fdch d\u011bl, mnoh\u00e1 pozoruhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a z\u00e1sadn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e\npolovina knih, o\u00a0kter\u00fdch se u\u010dili ve \u0161kole na\u0161i d\u011bdov\u00e9. A\u00a0krom\u011b toho\ngigantick\u00e9ho n\u00e1r\u016fstu do \u0161\u00ed\u0159ky je tu je\u0161t\u011b setrval\u00fd r\u016fst do hloubky,\nka\u017ed\u00fd rok jsou nov\u00e9 des\u00edtky a des\u00edtky v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch d\u011bl ov\u011bn\u010den\u00fdch\nPulitzerov\u00fdmi cenami, Oskary a Zlat\u00fdmi rododenrony nebo \u010d\u00edm\u00a0\u2014 sto knih\npovinn\u00e9 literatury z\u00a0p\u0159ed pades\u00e1ti let je v\u00a0tom mno\u017estv\u00ed jako zrn\u00ed\u010dko\nv\u00a0k\u00fdbli m\u00e1ku. Co z\u00a0toho si troufneme vybrat a prohl\u00e1sit \u201ez\u00e1kladn\u00ed\nznalosti\u201c?<\/p>\n\n

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A\u00a0vyberte si libovoln\u00fd dal\u0161\u00ed obor, a objev\u00edte dal\u0161\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00ed k\u00fdble,\nv\u00a0nich\u017e n\u011bkdej\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed znalosti \u201ev\u0161eobecn\u00e9ho vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c jsou\nu\u017e jen jedn\u00edm ze nepatrn\u00fdch zrn\u00ed\u010dek. Nemluv\u011b o\u00a0stovk\u00e1ch prudce\nrostouc\u00edch oblast\u00ed a obor\u016f, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ed p\u00e1r lety je\u0161t\u011b v\u016fbec ani\nneexistovaly.<\/p>\n\n

Kdy\u017e vybereme to podstatn\u00e9 a z\u00e1sadn\u00ed a d\u00e1me to na jednu hromadu, tak je\nasi tak milionkr\u00e1t v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e p\u0159ed sto lety a pro jak\u00e9hokoli \u010dlov\u011bka je\nu\u017e naprosto nemo\u017en\u00e9 pojmout by\u0165 jen tyhle vybran\u00e9, na d\u0159e\u0148 osekan\u00e9\nz\u00e1klady. A\u00a0pota\u017emo je u\u017e nemo\u017en\u00e9 a nesmysln\u00e9 z\u00a0t\u00e9 hromady vybrat\nn\u011bjak\u00fd nau\u010diteln\u00fd zlome\u010dek a prohl\u00e1sit ho za \u201ez\u00e1kladn\u00ed\nvzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c.<\/p>\n\n

Pokrok nezastav\u00ed\u0161<\/h3>\n\n

A\u00a0vlastn\u011b, pro\u010d si po\u0159\u00e1d mysl\u00edme, \u017ee na na\u0161i kulturu a budouc\u00ed\n\u017eivot m\u00e1 z\u00e1sadn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vliv Shakespeare a Neruda ne\u017e t\u0159eba Tarantino a\nKrobot? Ovliv\u0148uje na\u0161e \u017eivoty v\u00edc klasick\u00e1 literatura 19.\u00a0stolet\u00ed, nebo\nfilmy 90.\u00a0let? Pro\u010d m\u00e1 b\u00fdt u\u017eite\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed studovat M\u00e1jovce ne\u017e Magora\nJirouse? M\u00e1 to skute\u010dn\u011b n\u011bjak\u00fd objektivn\u00ed d\u016fvod, nebo je to jen pouh\u00e1\nsetrva\u010dnost? Pozor, nepop\u00edr\u00e1m vliv Shakespeara\u00a0\u2014 jen tvrd\u00edm, \u017ee za\nposledn\u00edch sto let k\u00a0n\u011bmu p\u0159ibyly mraky dal\u0161\u00edch, p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm stejn\u011b\nv\u00fdznamn\u00fdch vliv\u016f, a dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ib\u00fdvaj\u00ed geometrickou \u0159adou. Jin\u00fdmi slovy:\nnejde o\u00a0to vyka\u0161lat se na Shakespeara, ale p\u0159iznat si, \u017ee je t\u011bch\nShakespear\u016f u\u017e tolik, \u017ee to nikdo nedok\u00e1\u017ee pobrat<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n

Povinn\u00e1 literatura<\/h3>\n\n

Spousta toho stoj\u00ed za \u010dten\u00ed, ale absolutn\u011b nic nestoj\u00ed za\npovinn\u00e9 \u010dten\u00ed<\/strong>. Abychom mohli um\u011bt pracovat s\u00a0daty, mus\u00edme um\u011bt\n\u010d\u00edst, abychom um\u011bli \u010d\u00edst dob\u0159e a z\u00edskali spoustu pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch n\u00e1vyk\u016f,\nmus\u00edme toho p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst docela dost. Ka\u017ed\u00fd \u0161kol\u00e1k by m\u011bl ur\u010dit\u011b\np\u0159e\u010d\u00edst ur\u010dit\u00fd objem knih za m\u011bs\u00edc\/za rok\u00a0\u2013 ale ur\u010dovat, co\np\u0159e\u010d\u00edst mus\u00ed, je u\u017e nad r\u00e1mec posl\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161koly. Ta m\u016f\u017ee doporu\u010dovat, co\nby si d\u011bti mohly p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst (a co jim to d\u00e1), ur\u010dit\u011b m\u016f\u017ee doporu\u010dovat\np\u0159\u00ednosn\u00e9 knihy k\u00a0prob\u00edran\u00fdm t\u00e9mat\u016fm a prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edm projekt\u016fm. Ale\nvy\u017eadovat znalost konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch knih je blbost.<\/p>\n\n

Vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed bez znalost\u00ed?<\/h3>\n\n

Nemluv\u00edm o\u00a0absolutn\u00edm odstran\u011bn\u00ed znalost\u00ed, ale o\u00a0minimalizaci\npovinn\u00fdch znalost\u00ed<\/strong>. Ano, mus\u00edme ka\u017ed\u00e9ho nau\u010dit \u010d\u00edst, ps\u00e1t\n(ot\u00e1zkou je, nakolik je nutn\u00e1 kaligrafie a do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry posta\u010d\u00ed kombinace\npsan\u00ed nespojit\u00fdm p\u00edsmem a na kl\u00e1vesnici; a a\u017e za p\u00e1r let bude hlasov\u00e1\nkomunikace s\u00a0po\u010d\u00edta\u010di zcela spolehliv\u00e1, mo\u017en\u00e1 i\u00a0to psan\u00ed bude jen\nvoliteln\u00e1 dovednost), z\u00e1kladn\u00ed aritmetiku, a n\u011bjak\u00fd obecn\u00fd p\u0159ehled\no\u00a0sv\u011bt\u011b (kombinace z\u00e1kladn\u00edho zem\u011b- a vesm\u00edropisu, vlastiv\u011bdy,\nstru\u010dn\u00fdch d\u011bjin, p\u0159\u00edrodopisu na \u00farovni sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho prvn\u00edho stupn\u011b) a\nv\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti se asi shodneme na angli\u010dtin\u011b. V\u0161e ostatn\u00ed je zbytn\u00e9 a\njak\u00e9koli dal\u0161\u00ed znalosti a encyklopedick\u00e9 v\u011bdomosti u\u017e sta\u010d\u00ed voliteln\u00e9 a\nrozhodn\u011b ne univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed\u00a0\u2013 stejn\u00e1 skladba a objem pro v\u0161echny je jednak\nhloupost, jednak se takov\u00fd spole\u010dn\u00fd z\u00e1kladn\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011br u\u017e ned\u00e1 vytvo\u0159it\n(viz\u00a0v\u00fd\u0161e).<\/p>\n\n

Jak n\u011bco zm\u011bnit?<\/h3>\n\n

Jedinou sp\u00e1sou na\u0161\u00ed spole\u010dnosti je radik\u00e1ln\u00ed reforma \u0161kolstv\u00ed.\nZru\u0161it zn\u00e1mkov\u00e1n\u00ed i\u00a0rozd\u011blen\u00ed v\u00fduky na striktn\u011b odd\u011blen\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty,\nzru\u0161it osnovy a od z\u00e1kladu p\u0159ekopat v\u0161echny RVP. Anebo je zru\u0161it \u00fapln\u011b a\nd\u00e1t \u0161kol\u00e1m naprostou autonomii. Zredukovat encyklopedick\u00e9 znalosti na\nnaprost\u00e9 minimum a v\u0161echnu snahu nap\u0159\u00edt do informa\u010dn\u00ed gramotnosti a\nkomunika\u010dn\u00edch dovednost\u00ed. A\u00a0pota\u017emo spustit masivn\u00ed kampa\u0148, aby se lidi\ndok\u00e1zali sm\u00ed\u0159it s\u00a0t\u00edm, \u017ee mlad\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk u\u017e opravdu nemus\u00ed v\u011bd\u011bt kdy\nbyla Zlat\u00e1 bula, obejde se bez taxonomie blanok\u0159\u00eddl\u00e9ho hmyzu a nemus\u00ed\np\u0159e\u010d\u00edst Divou B\u00e1ru. Ale mus\u00ed b\u00fdt schopen bryskn\u011b vyhledat jakoukoli\ninformaci a zodpov\u011bdn\u011b zvalidovat ka\u017ed\u00e9 tvrzen\u00ed. Co\u017e neum\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161ina\nz\u00a0na\u0161\u00ed generace, i\u00a0kdy\u017e ka\u017ed\u00fd ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 o\u00a0p\u016flnoci bi\u010dem to svoje\nhychykyry, ist\u00fdi\u010del\u00fd a jin\u00e9 k\u0159i\u0161\u0165\u00e1lov\u00e9 stud\u00e1nky.<\/p>\n\n

Evoluce je nemo\u017en\u00e1. Bav\u00edme se tady o\u00a0v\u00fdvoji, kde ka\u017ed\u00e1 dek\u00e1da ve\nspole\u010dnosti znamen\u00e1 obrovsk\u00e9 zm\u011bny\u00a0\u2013 pod\u00edvejte, co se stalo za jednu\ngeneraci: teprve 20\u00a0let pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me internet, teprve 10\u00a0let m\u00e1me chytr\u00e9\nmobily. Sv\u011bt se za jednu generaci zm\u011bnil v\u00fdrazn\u011bji ne\u017e za cel\u00e9\np\u0159edchoz\u00ed stolet\u00ed.<\/strong> A\u00a0proti tomu je evolu\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdvoj ve \u0161kolstv\u00ed,\nkde ka\u017ed\u00e1 zm\u011bna vy\u017eaduje, aby se nejprve zm\u011bnili a vychovali ti, co u\u010d\u00ed\nu\u010ditele a n\u00e1sledn\u011b aby se zm\u011bnili u\u010ditel\u00e9 a ti teprve n\u00e1sledn\u011b m\u011bnili\nv\u00fduku. Jak\u00e1koli evolu\u010dn\u00ed zm\u011bna ve \u0161kolstv\u00ed je proces, kter\u00fd se po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1\nna jednotky generac\u00ed, nic z\u00e1sadn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed se ned\u00e1 prosadit za m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e\n30\u00a0let.<\/p>\n\n

Kdy\u017e p\u00ed\u0161u, \u017ee na\u0161\u00ed jedinou \u0161anc\u00ed je radik\u00e1ln\u00ed a revolu\u010dn\u00ed zm\u011bna,\nje to d\u016fkladn\u011b promy\u0161len\u00e1 my\u0161lenka. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd v\u00fdst\u0159el od pasu. Mus\u00ed se\nnaj\u00edt siln\u00fd politik, kter\u00fd s\u00a0t\u00edm p\u0159ijde a p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed lidi, \u017ee\nnechceme-li hr\u00e1t ve sv\u011bt\u011b pod\u0159adnou roli, mus\u00edme ud\u011blat velkou a\nz\u00e1sadn\u00ed zm\u011bnu ve vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 v\u00a0prv\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b tam nasm\u011brovat\nvelk\u00e9 investice, proto\u017ee \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd jin\u00fd \u00fakol st\u00e1tu dnes nen\u00ed\nd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, a v\u00a0druh\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b to naprosto a od z\u00e1kladu p\u0159ekopat a\npostavit na zelen\u00e9 louce \u00fapln\u011b jin\u00e9, modern\u00ed \u0161kolstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Mus\u00ed se naj\u00edt radik\u00e1ln\u00ed politik, kter\u00fd tu radik\u00e1ln\u00ed reformu ud\u011bl\u00e1.\nZdola ani zevnit\u0159 se to nestane. Sch\u016fdn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed cesta by bylo v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed\nuvoln\u011bn\u00ed \u0161kolstv\u00ed a prostor pro experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed a netradi\u010dn\u00ed \u0161koly,\nkter\u00e9 by nov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup prosadily tr\u017en\u011b, ale to mi p\u0159ijde je\u0161t\u011b\nnere\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, proto\u017ee to m\u00e1 siln\u00fd blok u\u017e na za\u010d\u00e1tku a je\u0161t\u011b ke\nv\u0161emu m\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9 v\u00fdstupy nejd\u0159\u00edv za 10\u00a0let.<\/p>\n\n

(Toto je z\u00e1loha pozn\u00e1mky\nz\u00a0FB<\/a>, kter\u00fd je zru\u0161il a kdov\u00ed, jestli je nehodl\u00e1 smazat.)<\/em><\/p>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dal\u0161\u00ed souhrn pozn\u00e1mek k\u00a0t\u00e9matu vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00a0n\u011bkolika debat na soci\u00e1ln\u00edch s\u00edt\u00edch v\u00a0posledn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch. Je to v\u00a0podstat\u011b nesourod\u00e1 sb\u00edrka m\u00fdch koment\u00e1\u0159\u016f sesb\u00edran\u00fdch v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch diskus\u00edch, jen jsem se je pokusil trochu zredukovat, spojit a u\u010desat. Voln\u011b navazuje na lo\u0148skou sb\u00edrku pozn\u00e1mek k\u00a0t\u00e9mu\u017e t\u00e9matu. Knowledge Doubling Curve (K\u0159ivka zdvojn\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed znalost\u00ed) \u0158\u00edk\u00e1 se, \u017ee Sir Francis Bacon v\u00a0roce 1600\u00a0znal v\u0161echno, … Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed textu Druh\u00fd vrh pozn\u00e1mek k syst\u00e9mu vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[41],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-683","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-poznamky-z-fb"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pixy.cz\/pixynergia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/683","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pixy.cz\/pixynergia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pixy.cz\/pixynergia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pixy.cz\/pixynergia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pixy.cz\/pixynergia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=683"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.pixy.cz\/pixynergia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/683\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":684,"href":"https:\/\/www.pixy.cz\/pixynergia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/683\/revisions\/684"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pixy.cz\/pixynergia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=683"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pixy.cz\/pixynergia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=683"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pixy.cz\/pixynergia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=683"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}